NCERT Class 8 Social Science Chapter 3 The Rise of Marathas

NCERT Class 8 Social Science 

Chapter 3 The Rise of Marathas

Q1: Who were the Marathas? How did they manage to become the largest pan-Indian power before the British took over?
Ans: The Marathas were brave and powerful people from Maharashtra in the Deccan region. They spoke Marathi and followed Hindu traditions. With leaders like Shivaji, they built a strong empire, fought against the Mughals, protected Indian culture, and ruled large parts of India before British rule. Later, they even fought three wars with the British and were the last strong Indian rulers before British dominance began. Maratha rulers worked for the public welfare, patronised art and culture, were religiously tolerant, and never oppressed their people.  In short, the Marathas became the largest Indian power before the British, ruling vast territories across India.
Q2: What were some features of their governance?
Ans: Shivaji introduced a well-organised and just administration. He formed a council of eight ministers called the Ashta Pradhan Mandala. Officials were paid salaries instead of land grants, and many were transferred regularly to prevent misuse of power. Soldiers’ families were cared for through pensions. The Marathas also collected chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes from neighbouring provinces while ensuring peace and protection.
Q3: What impact did the Maratha Empire leave in Indian history?
Ans: The Marathas played a crucial role in Indian history. They stopped the Mughals from fully controlling India and built a strong empire. Shivaji promoted good governance, protected people, and respected all religions. They inspired later freedom ideals and revived Indian confidence. Spreading across India, the Marathas shaped regional politics and stood firm against colonial powers, leaving a legacy of loyalty, patriotism, and decentralised governance that continues to influence India’s political landscape today.

Q1: Have you ever heard the term ‘bhakti’? What does it mean to you? Choose a bhakti saint from any part of India and learn about their life, their teachings, and the message they shared. You can also find one of their poems or bhajans and share it with your classmates. 
Ans: Yes, I have heard of the term ‘bhakti’. For me, it means having a deep belief in and respect for God. Mirabai is a famous bhakti saint from Rajasthan. She had deep faith in Lord Krishna. She left her luxurious life and devoted herself to singing and worshipping Lord Krishna. Her bhajans are very inspirational, teaching how to build firm faith in God and love Him wholeheartedly. One of Mirabai’s famous bhajans is “Upayoji maine Ram ratan dhan payo”, which means “I have received the precious jewel of God’s name; these treasures are beyond all worldly wealth, and I hold them with great joy and love.”

Q1: If you could time-travel and meet Shivaji, what three questions would you ask him and why?
Ans: If I could time-travel and meet Shivaji, I would ask him the following three questions:

1. How did you win so many battles with fewer soldiers compared to your enemies? What were your secrets? This would help me understand his ideas of strategy and unity.
2. What encouraged you to practise such a high level of religious tolerance? This would help me understand his ideas of unity and tolerance.
3. When and where did you conceive the idea of Swarajya? What inspired you to fight for it? This would help me learn more about his vision and motivation.

Q1: Try to find out more about guerrilla warfare. Which other countries in the world adopted this method? What geographical advantages did they utilise for this? Discuss your findings in groups.
Ans: Guerrilla warfare is a famous ancient fighting tactic used to defeat more powerful enemies. In this warfare, soldiers divide into small groups, use surprise attacks, set traps, and move quickly during battles. Countries such as Afghanistan, Vietnam, and Cuba used this method. Soldiers utilised thick forests, mountains, rugged hills, and caves to gain an advantage over their enemies.

Q1: Pick an event from Shivaji’s life and, with your classmates, stage it as a play.
Ans: (Suggestive Answer)
Title: The Killing of Afzal Khan
Scene: Afzal Khan planned to kill Shivaji with a hidden weapon during a meeting at the foot of Pratapgarh Fort in Maharashtra.

• Afzal Khan: (hugging Shivaji) “Come, Shivaji, let’s be friends.”
• Shivaji: (pulls out his wagh nakh and shouts) “You betrayed me!” (They fight. Shivaji wins.)
• Narrator: Shivaji’s courage and planning saved him and defeated a great threat.

Q1: Shivaji issued strict instructions to his officials not to mistreat the subjects or to forcefully grab even a blade of grass from them. In one of the letters issued to his officials, Shivaji says:
Ans: “Wood from big trees like teak is required for the Navy. If needed, secure permission for cutting the trees from the forest and then proceed. Other trees like mango and jackfruit are also useful, but do not touch them, because such trees take many years to mature, and the people care for them like their children. If you cut them, will their sorrow ever end? If you accomplish something by oppressing others, it perishes soon, along with the oppressor. There is harm in the absence of such trees as well. Therefore, do not use force under any circumstances.”
Q2: Based on Shivaji’s letter, what can you tell about his values as a ruler?
Ans: Based on the letter, Shivaji upheld values like compassion, justice, and environmental responsibility. He took accountability for his people and always protected them. He emphasised ethical governance, avoided oppression, and valued the emotions of his subjects. He promoted humanity, religious tolerance, and principled leadership. The letter also demonstrates his respect for nature, art, and literature.

Q1: Have you heard of the dance form ‘Bharatanatyam’? Did you know that this dance form has a deep connection with the Marathas? Can you find out what this connection was?
Ans: Yes, I have heard of Bharatanatyam. It is a very famous classical dance of Tamil Nadu. When the Maratha rulers governed Thanjavur in South India, they supported and promoted Bharatanatyam, forming a deep connection with it. The Maratha emperors built temples to help dancers grow and preserved the art form.

Q1. Analyse how geography (particularly mountains and coastlines) influenced Maratha military strategy and state formation.
Ans: The Marathas lived in the Western Ghats and near India’s west coast. Mountains helped them build strong forts and secret paths for surprise attacks. The coastline allowed them to develop a navy to protect maritime trade. These natural features made their military strong and advanced.
Q2: Imagine you are creating a short biography of a Maratha leader for younger students. Choose one personality (Kanhoji Angre, Bajirao I, Mahadji Shinde, Ahilyabai Holkar, or Tarabai) and write 3-4 paragraphs highlighting what makes them inspirational. Include at least one challenge they overcame.
Ans: Kanhoji Angre – The Maratha Sea Lion
Kanhoji Angre, known as the “Maratha Sea Lion,” was the chief of the Maratha Navy in the 18th century. He defeated powerful British and Portuguese fleets using clever tactics and knowledge of the western coast. Though his ships were smaller, his courage and strategy protected Indian trade from foreign control. He built strong sea forts like Vijaydurg and became India’s first great naval hero.
Q3: If you could visit one Maratha fort today (such as Raigad, Sindhudurg, Gingee, or Pratapgarh), which would you choose and why? Research its history, architecture, and strategic importance. Present your findings as a digital presentation or a poster in class.
Ans: (Suggestive Answer)
If I could visit one Maratha fort, I would choose Raigad Fort. Raigad was the capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji’s empire. It is located on a high hill in Maharashtra, surrounded by deep valleys, which made it very safe from enemies. Shivaji was crowned king here in 1674, making this fort very special.
The fort has strong stone walls, big entry gates, secret paths, and beautiful buildings like the Queen’s palace, Shivaji’s throne, and market area. There are 1,737 steps to reach the top, or you can take a ropeway. From the top, you can see beautiful views of the mountains all around. This fort is important in history because it was the heart of the Maratha empire, and Shivaji ruled from here with justice and bravery. Visiting Raigad Fort would help me learn more about our history and Shivaji’s great leadership.
Q4: The chapter states, “The British took India from the Marathas more than from the Mughals or any other power.” What do you think this means? What evidence from the chapter supports this idea?
Ans: This means that when the British wanted to rule India, the Marathas were the main power, not the Mughals. The Mughal Empire was already weak, while the Marathas controlled most of India, including Delhi, Gujarat, and Malwa.
The Marathas fought three wars with the British and were the last strong Indian rulers before British rule began. Hence, to control India, the British had to defeat the Marathas, which shows how powerful the Marathas had become.
Q5: Compare how Shivaji and later Marathas treated religious places and people of different faiths. What evidence from the chapter shows their approach to religious diversity?
Ans: Shivaji and the later Marathas had religious tolerance and treated people of all faiths with great respect and equality. Shivaji was a devout Hindu, but he never attacked mosques or hurt people of other religions. When he sacked Surat, he spared religious places and even protected the house of a kind man. He also had Muslim soldiers and officers in his army. Later, under the Thanjavur Marathas, a Muslim poet named Ambar Husain was allowed to write about the Bhagavad Gita, which shows religious harmony. This proves that the Marathas believed in respecting all religions and living together peacefully.
Q6: The chapter describes how forts were ‘the core of the state’ for Marathas. Why were they so important? How did they help the Marathas survive against larger enemies?
Ans: Forts were very important for the Marathas because they gave them safety and control. The forts were built on high hills and had strong walls, which made it hard for enemies to capture them. When big armies like the Mughals attacked, the Marathas hid in forts, planned their next move, and used guerrilla warfare. From the forts, they could watch the roads, store food and weapons, and protect their people. That’s why forts were called the “core of the state” — they helped the Marathas stay strong and fight back, even against larger and more powerful enemies.
Q7: You have been appointed as the chief designer for Maratha coins. Design a coin that represents Maratha achievements and values. Explain the symbols you chose.
Ans: If I design a Maratha coin, it will show the greatness and values of the Marathas. On one side, I will draw Shivaji’s face with a sword and a fort behind him. This shows his bravery and how he protected the kingdom using forts. I will also add the saffron flag, which stands for Hindu culture and unity.
On the other side, I will write in Sanskrit as Shivaji’s royal seal. Around the edge, I will draw small pictures of a ship (for the Maratha navy), a book (for learning and justice), and hands shaking (for respect to all religions). This coin will show that the Marathas were brave, fair, wise, and respected every religion.
Q8: After this introduction to the Maratha period, what do you think was their most important contribution to Indian history? Write a paragraph supporting your opinion with examples from the chapter. Then share and discuss your ideas with classmates.
Ans: The Marathas’ greatest contribution was the idea of Swarajya — self-rule and pride in Indian culture. They defended the country against foreign powers, revived local traditions, and proved that Indians could rule themselves with justice and strength. Their example later inspired the national freedom movement.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1. The Marathas primarily hail from which region?
(a) Punjab
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Rajasthan

Ans: (b) Maharashtra
The Marathas are originally from Maharashtra and speak Marathi.

Q2. The Maratha leader who founded the kingdom and envisioned Swarajya was—
(a) Sambhaji
(b) Tarabai
(c) Shivaji
(d) Bajirao I

Ans: (c) Shivaji
Shivaji established the Maratha kingdom and championed the concept of Swarajya (self-rule).
Shivaji

Q3. Which military tactic was Shivaji famous for?
(a) Large-scale infantry battles
(b) Naval warfare only
(c) Guerrilla warfare
(d) Siege warfare only

Ans: (c) Guerrilla warfare
He used surprise attacks and swift raids to defeat larger and better-equipped armies.
Guerrilla warfare

Q4. The council of ministers established by Shivaji was known as—
(a) Peshwa
(b) Ashta Pradhana Mandala
(c) Diwan
(d) Mansabdari

Ans: (b) Ashta Pradhana Mandala
This was a council of eight ministers helping Shivaji in governance.

Q5. The Maratha tax called ‘chauth’ was approximately—
(a) 10%
(b) 15%
(c) 25%
(d) 50%

Ans: (c) 25%
Chauth was a tax amounting to one-fourth of the revenue collected from territorial chieftains.

Q6. Who led the Maratha Navy in the 18th century, earning a reputation as a formidable admiral?
(a) Kanhoji Angre
(b) Sambhaji
(c) Mahadji Shinde
(d) Nana Phadnavis

Ans: (a) Kanhoji Angre
He was the celebrated admiral known for his naval supremacy along the western coast.

 Kanhoji Angre

Q7. Which queen led Maratha resistance after Rajaram’s death?
(a) Ahilyabai Holkar
(b) Tarabai
(c) Jijabai
(d) Rani Durgavati

Ans: (b) Tarabai
Tarabai led the Maratha resistance against the Mughals during a challenging period.

Q8. The capital fort of Shivaji’s kingdom was—
(a) Daulatabad
(b) Raigad
(c) Purandar
(d) Pratapgad

Ans: (b) Raigad
Raigad Fort served as the capital and coronation site of Shivaji.

Q9. Which Maratha ruler is credited for organizing the first pan-Indian anti-British alliance?
(a) Nana Phadnavis
(b) Bajirao I
(c) Mahadji Shinde
(d) Peshwa Balaji Bajirao

Ans: (a) Nana Phadnavis
He united various Indian rulers against the British threat.
Nana Phadnavis

Q10. The script primarily used by Marathas for correspondence was—
(a) Devanagari
(b) Modi
(c) Persian
(d) Kannada

Ans: (b) Modi
Modi script, a cursive form of Devanagari, was used for administration and correspondence.

Match the Following 

Ans:

True or False

Q1. Shivaji abolished hereditary posts and paid officials salaries.
Ans: True

He introduced salaries to reduce hereditary power and increase loyalty.

Q2. The Maratha army included only infantry and cavalry, no navy.
Ans: False

Shivaji built a strong navy to defend the coastal region.

Q3. Chauth was a tax levied only on territories directly ruled by Marathas.
Ans: False

Chauth was collected from territories they protected but did not directly govern.

Q4. Ahilyabai Holkar was known for charitable works and temple restoration.
Ans: True

She rebuilt key temples and supported public welfare.

Q5. The Marathas had modern ships that matched European technology.
Ans: False

Their ships were less advanced, but clever tactics gave them an advantage.

Q6. Trade and infrastructure development were supported under Maratha rule.
Ans: True

The Marathas promoted trade and built roads, bridges, and ferry networks.

Fill in the Blanks

Q1. The Maratha movement for self-rule is called ________.
Ans: Swarajya

Q2. Shivaji’s council of eight ministers was called ________.
Ans: Ashta Pradhana Mandala

Q3. The tax called ‘chauth’ amounted to ________ percent of revenue.
Ans: 25

Q4. The famous Maratha naval commander was ________.
Ans: Kanhoji Angre

Q5. The fort at which Shivaji was crowned is called ________.
Ans: Raigad

Q6. The script used for Maratha official correspondence was called ________.
Ans: Modi

Q7. The leader credited with uniting Indian powers against the British was ________.
Ans: Nana Phadnavis

Very Short Question Answers

Q1. Who was Shivaji and why is he important?
Ans: Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha kingdom, celebrated for establishing Swarajya and pioneering guerrilla warfare.

Q2. What was guerrilla warfare used by the Marathas?
Ans: A tactic using swift surprise attacks and mobility to defeat stronger enemies.

Q3. What was the ‘chauth’ tax?
Ans: A 25% tax imposed on territories protected by the Marathas.

Q4. How did the Marathas challenge European naval power?
Ans: Through their navy led by Kanhoji Angre, who used tactical advantages on the coastline.

Q5. Name two cultural contributions of the Marathas.
Ans: Revival of Marathi and Sanskrit literature and rebuilding of Hindu temples.

Q6. Who was Tarabai and what was her role?
Ans: A warrior queen who led the Maratha resistance after the death of Rajaram.

Q7. Describe the Maratha administrative system under Shivaji.
Ans: A centralized system with salaried officials and regular transfers to prevent accumulation of power.

Q8. What was Nana Phadnavis known for?
Ans: Organizing a pan-Indian alliance to resist British expansion.

Q9. How did Marathas support trade and infrastructure?
Ans: By maintaining roads, bridges, ferry networks, and facilitating maritime trade.

Q10. How did forts help the Marathas?
Ans: Forts controlled strategic routes, acted as defense points, and ensured state resilience during conflicts.

NCERT Class 8 Social Science Chapter 2 Reshaping India's Polotical Map

NCERT Class 8 Social Science 

Chapter 2 Reshaping India's Polotical Map

Page No. 26

Q1: How did foreign invasions and the rise of new dynasties reshape India’s political boundaries during this period? 

Ans: Foreign invasions and new dynasties changed India’s political map between the 11th and 17th centuries. Turkic-Afghan invasions led to the Delhi Sultanate, which united parts of North India. Babur’s victory at Panipat in 1526 started the Mughal Empire, which ruled most of India. In the south, the Vijayanagara and Bahmani kingdoms became strong, while the Ahoms in the northeast and Rajputs in Rajasthan kept their independence. Later, Timur’s invasion weakened Delhi, and under Akbar and Aurangzeb the Mughals reached their largest size. These events kept India’s boundaries changing for many centuries.

Q2: How did Indian society respond to invasions? How did India’s economy adapt during times of political instability? 
Ans: Indian society showed courage and unity during invasions. The Vijayanagara kings, the Ahoms, and Rajputs bravely resisted foreign rulers, while the Sikh Khalsa stood for justice and freedom.
Despite wars, the economy remained strong. Farmers grew crops using good irrigation, and trade continued through ports like Calicut and Surat. Merchants used the hundi system to send money safely. Temples and artisans supported local business. So, though rulers changed often, the people kept the economy running.

Q3: What impact did this period have on the lives of the people?
Ans: People faced both hardship and progress. Heavy taxes and wars made peasants poor, yet trade and craftwork brought wealth to cities. Culturally, this age saw great achievements—temples of Vijayanagara and Mughal buildings like the Taj Mahal. Leaders such as Rani Durgavati, Maharana Pratap, and Guru Tegh Bahadur became symbols of courage. Even in hard times, villages and communities stayed united.

Q1: Looking at Fig. 2.6, why do you think Ala-ud-din Khilji called himself ‘the second Alexander’?

Ans: Ala-ud-din Khilji called himself “the second Alexander” to show his ambition and bravery. He wanted to be known as a great conqueror like Alexander the Great. His title showed pride in his victories and his wish to rule a vast empire.

Q2: What kind of resources do you think were needed to maintain an army and wage war in those days? Discuss in groups the various types of expenditure involved, from weapons or food for soldiers to animals used in warfare, road construction, etc.
Ans: Maintaining an army in ancient times required various essential resources:

• Weapons: Swords, bows, and later, gunpowder artillery were crucial for combat.
• Food Supplies: Soldiers and animals needed a consistent supply of food, including grain and other provisions.
• Animals: Horses, elephants, and camels were vital for transport and warfare.
• Infrastructure: Good roads and bridges were necessary for the quick movement of armies.
• Financing: Funding came from taxes imposed on the populace and plunder from military campaigns, which covered soldiers' salaries, equipment, and fortifications.
• Artisans: Skilled craftsmen were needed to produce weapons, while labourers supported logistics and construction.

Q1: Why do we use the term ‘image’ rather than common terms like ‘idol’ or ‘icon’? The latter two terms are considered pejorative in the context of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, whose orthodox sects condemn ‘idolatry’ or the worship of ‘idols’ or ‘icons’.
India’s classical texts used words like murti, vigraha, pratima, rupa, etc., to designate images, often statues, used for worship in temples or homes. In English, ‘image’ is a neutral term.
Ans: We use the word image because idol or icon is considered negative in some religions  like Christianity and Islam, which oppose idol worship. Indian texts use neutral words like murti or pratima, so image is a respectful and neutral term in English.

Q2: During the time of the Tughlaqs, the Musunuri Nayakas, Telugu chieftains, rallied over 75 more chieftains of the region, formed a confederacy that defeated smaller provinces, formed a confederacy that defeated the Delhi Sultanate forces, and expelled Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s army from Warangal (present-day Telangana) around 1330-1336. Do you think it would have been an easy task to bring together 75 leaders in those days?
Ans: No, it was very difficult. Communication was slow, and many chiefs had their own rivalries. The success of the Musunuri Nayakas shows their strong leadership, planning, and shared goal of freeing their land from the Delhi Sultanate.

Q3: Why do you think such locations were chosen for many of the medieval forts? Discuss pros and cons. (Hint: think of issues of strategy, security, vulnerability, etc.)
Ans: Medieval forts, such as Kumbhalgarh, were strategically located in areas like the Aravalli hills for several key reasons:

• The elevated terrain provided a strong defensive advantage.
• Higher ground allowed for better surveillance of approaching enemies.
• Surrounding forests offered essential materials.
• The steep slopes made it difficult for enemies to attack.

However, these locations also had drawbacks:

• Being remote made it hard to receive quick reinforcements.
• The difficult terrain complicated logistics for supplies and construction.

Q3: Have you noticed the term pati in titles like ‘Gajapati’? Pati means ‘lord’ or ‘master’ and was commonly used by many ruling dynasties of this period to signify power and stature. The Vijayanagara kings were called ‘Narapati", the Bahmani Sultanate rulers ‘Ashwapati’, and the Maratha rulers ‘Chhatrapati’ – each title reflecting different aspects of kingship and power. Can you guess what these three terms might mean?
Ans: The term pati in royal titles signifies various aspects of kingship and authority:

• Narapati: Used by the Vijayanagara rulers, meaning "lord of men", highlighting their dominion over people.
• Ashwapati: Title for Bahmani Sultanate rulers, translating to "lord of horses", which emphasised their cavalry strength.
• Chhatrapati: Used by Maratha rulers, meaning "supreme sovereign", indicating their highest authority.

Q4: In Fig. 2.14, what elements do you observe? What do they tell you about life then? (Hint: observe the weapons, the animals, the activities.) 

Ans: In above figure from the Vitthala temple depicts several significant elements:

• Weapons: Swords, spears, and shields suggest a society that prioritised warfare.
• Animals: Horses are prominently featured, indicating their vital role in transport and combat.
• Activities: Battle scenes illustrate a culture deeply engaged in conflict.

These elements reflect a vibrant, conflict-driven culture where warfare and the use of animals were integral to daily life.

Q4: What strikes you in Babur’s impressions of India? Discuss in groups.
Ans: Babur’s impressions of India show that he felt out of place in a new land. He missed the cooler climate and culture of Central Asia but was struck by India’s rich resources including masses of gold and silver, busy markets, and skilled craftspeople. Although he criticised some things, like the unfamiliar food and lifestyle, he also noticed the land’s beauty and wealth. His views reflect both his homesickness and his eye for India’s strengths.

Q5: Why do you think Akbar employed different strategies to expand his empire, while the earlier rulers of Delhi relied mostly on military might?
Ans: Akbar used various strategies to expand his empire, focusing on methods beyond mere military force. His approach included:

• Diplomacy: He engaged in negotiations and alliances to strengthen his position.
• Marriage Alliances: By marrying into local royal families, he built ties with important regional powers.
• Sulh-i-kul: This principle of religious tolerance helped him gain the loyalty of diverse groups, including the Rajputs.

In contrast, earlier Delhi sultans primarily relied on military might, which often resulted in instability and rebellion. Akbar's strategies created a more stable and united empire.

Q5: Compare the maps in Figs. 2.3, 2.12 and 2.16. What differences do you notice? What is the ‘reshaping’ that has occurred?

Ans: The maps show clear differences over time. Fig. 2.3 displays the Delhi Sultanate’s control mainly over northern India between the 13th and 15th centuries, while southern and eastern regions remained under independent kingdoms like the Hoysalas and Eastern Gangas. Fig. 2.12 illustrates the rise of the Vijayanagara Empire dominating the south, the Bahmani Sultanate ruling the Deccan, and the Gajapati kingdom in the east, reflecting a period of regional fragmentation.

Fig. 2.16 shows the Mughal Empire expanding to cover most of India during the reigns of Akbar and Aurangzeb, although some regional powers such as the Sikhs in northwestern tip and the Rajputs continued to resist. The reshaping that occurred involved a shift from the Delhi Sultanate’s mainly northern focus, to the emergence of strong southern and eastern powers like Vijayanagara and the Gajapatis, followed by the near-unification of India under the Mughals, influenced by invasions, regional resistance, and the rise of new dynasties.

Q6: We saw above that Delhi sultans’ average reign lasted about nine years. This figure becomes 27 years in the case of Mughal emperors up to Aurangzeb; and 16 years if we consider all Mughal rulers, up to the end of the empire in the 19th century. What do you make of these numbers of years of reign?
Ans:  The average reign of the Delhi sultans was about nine years, indicating significant political instability and frequent violent successions. In contrast, the Mughal emperors ruled for an average of 27 years up to Aurangzeb, suggesting better administration and stronger alliances. However, when considering all Mughal rulers, the average reign drops to 16 years. This decline reflects the weakening and instability of the empire over time.

Q6: In his last letters to two of his sons, Aurangzeb wrote, “I came alone and am going away alone. I know not who I am and what I have been doing. … I have not done well for the country and the people, and of the future there is no hope. I was helpless [in life] and I am departing helpless.” What do these words tell us about Aurangzeb? How do you feel about them?
Ans: Aurangzeb’s- letters reveal regret as he imprisoned his father, killed his brothers for the throne and killed several thousands of people during his brutal rule. During his last years, all wrong doings done by him including mass destruction of schools, temples, cities and loots must have reflected to him, that’s why he mentioned that he had NOT done well for the country and the people. Besides his regret, letters also reflects his loneliness during his last days of life and negative impact on. society at that time due to his atrocious rule and policies.

Q7: Discuss in class how the paik system affected the daily lives of the people in the Ahom kingdom, both in terms of challenges and benefits, and helped the king manage both the army and the economy.
Ans: The paik system significantly influenced the daily lives of people in the Ahom kingdom, presenting both challenges and benefits:

• The system granted every able-bodied man land rights in exchange for labour or military service.
• This arrangement provided economic stability and ensured a ready workforce for the king.
• It reduced costs by eliminating the need for a permanent army.
• However, mandatory service disrupted daily life, placing pressure on families.
• Despite these challenges, the system facilitated the construction of vital infrastructure, such as roads and canals.
• It also enabled the maintenance of a strong military, exemplified by the Battle of Saraighat in 1671.
• Overall, the paik system enhanced the efficiency of both the economy and military.

Q8: How did the Ahoms use the rivers, hills, and forests of Assam to their advantage? Can you think of ways in which the geography helped them build defences and fight wars?
Ans: The Ahoms effectively utilised the geography of Assam, including its dense forests, hills, and the Brahmaputra River, to their advantage in warfare. Their strategies included:

• Employing guerrilla tactics and ambushes, particularly evident during the Battle of Saraighat in 1671.
• Using the natural landscape as barriers and hiding spots for their troops.
• Utilising river routes for defensive strategies, complicating enemy navigation and supply lines.

This geographical knowledge allowed the Ahoms to effectively defend their territory and maintain their independence against larger forces.

Q7: Why do you think Guru Tegh Bahadur endured torture rather than convert? Why did he think his sacrifice would make a difference? 
Ans: Guru Tegh Bahadur endured torture to:

• Uphold religious freedom for all, particularly the Kashmiri Pandits.
• Demonstrate courage in the face of oppression.
• Inspire others to resist Mughal tyranny.

He believed that his martyrdom would serve as a powerful example, encouraging others to stand up for their beliefs and fight against injustice.

Q8: What values did the Sikh Gurus and the Khalsa embody?
Ans: The Sikh Gurus and the Khalsa embodied several core values:

• Courage: They demonstrated bravery in the face of oppression.
• Justice: They fought for fairness and equality for all.
• Equality: They promoted the idea that everyone is equal, regardless of background.
• Selfless service: They encouraged helping others without expecting anything in return.

Additionally, they stood up for religious freedom and defended the weak, fostering unity and moral strength among their followers.

Q9: How are they relevant in today’s world?
Ans: These values are important today because they teach us to treat everyone fairly, respect differences, and help others, which helps build a better and peaceful world.

Q1: Compare the political strategies of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals. What similarities and differences existed between them?
Ans: Similarities between the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire political strategies are: 

Differences between the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire political strategies are: 

In summary, while both empires depended on war and taxes, the Mughals had a more organised and enduring governance structure.

Q2: Why did kingdoms like the Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahom Kingdom manage to resist conquest for a longer time compared to others? What geographical, military, and social factors contributed to their success?

Ans: Kingdoms like the Vijayanagara Empire and the Ahom Kingdom successfully resisted conquest for a longer time due to several key factors:

Q3: Imagine you are a scholar in the court of Akbar or Krishnadevaraya. Write a letter to a friend describing the politics, trade, culture, and society you are witnessing.

Ans: 

Dear Friend,

I hope you are well. I want to share with you about life here in Vijayanagara under our great king, Krishnadevaraya. The empire is very strong and powerful, ruling much of the Deccan. The king is not only a brave leader but also a supporter of arts and learning. He encourages poets and scholars, and he even wrote a famous poem himself. Our city is full of beautiful temples, palaces, gardens, and busy markets. It is said to be as large and lovely as Rome. Many traders come from different places to buy and sell goods here.

Life in the city is full of energy and wealth. But after Krishnadevaraya passed away in 1529, things have become difficult. In 1565, a group of enemies fought against us and defeated our army in the Battle of Talikota. They destroyed many parts of our city, including temples and homes, and this has made life hard for many people. Now the empire is breaking into smaller parts, ruled by local leaders called Nayakas. Still, the memoiy of Krishnadevaraya’s rule and the glory of Vijayanagara remain strong in our hearts.

Yours sincerely,

(Scholar’s name)

Q4: How come Akbar, a ruthless conqueror in his young days, grew tolerant and benevolent after some years? What could have led to such a change?

Ans: When Akbar became emperor at the young age of 13, he was initially a fierce and ruthless leader focused on conquest and military power. His early reign was marked by brutality, such as during the long siege of Chittor, where many lives were lost and survivors faced harsh treatment. Over time, Akbar's attitude began to change due to several factors:

• His interactions with people of different faiths and cultures.
• Marriage alliances with Rajput princesses, which fostered political and social ties.
• The influence of scholars and advisors in his court, who encouraged a more inclusive approach.

Akbar abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims and promoted sulh-i-kul (peace with all), encouraging religious tolerance and harmony. He realised that ruling with respect and cooperation brought more stability and unity than fear. According to his historian Abul Fazl, Akbar admitted that forcing conversions was wrong and ineffective. Over time, he changed from a harsh conqueror into a wise and benevolent ruler who valued peace and diversity.

Q5: What might have happened if the Vijayanagara Empire had won the Battle of Talikota? Imagine and describe how it could have changed the political and cultural history of south India.
Ans: If the Vijayanagara Empire had won the Battle of Talikota in 1565, South India's history could have changed significantly. Here are some potential outcomes:

• The Vijayanagara empire could have stayed strong and united instead of breaking into smaller kingdoms.

• They might have stopped invasions from the Deccan Sultanates and even stood against the Mughals, changing India’s power balance.

• Art, literature, and temple architecture could have grown even more, with famous poets and scholars enriching South India’s culture.

• Cities like Vijayanagara could have become bigger trade and cultural centres, bringing more wealth and people.

• South India might have remained a powerful and influential region for centuries, shaping its identity and heritage strongly.

Q6: Many values promoted by early Sikhism, including equality, seva, and justice, remain relevant today. Select one of these values and discuss how it remains relevant in contemporary society.
Ans:  The value of equality, taught by Guru Nanak, is very important even today. He said all people are equal before God (Ik Onkar), rejecting caste and religious discrimination. Later Gurus, like Guru Tegh Bahadur, also defended others’ right to practise their faith freely. In today’s world, equality helps us respect everyone, treat all fairly, and live together peacefully in schools, workplaces, and society.

Q7: Imagine you are a trader in a port city (Surat, Calicut, or Hooghly). Describe the scenes you see as regards goods, people you trade with, movement of ships, etc.
Ans: As a trader in Surat, I see a busy and wealthy port. Ships from Arabia, Persia, and Africa bring silk, horses, and metals, while we export cotton textiles, spices, and jewellery. Labourers unload cargo, and merchants crowd the lively markets. The hundi system makes money transfer safe. People of many regions live and trade here peacefully, making Surat a rich and vibrant centre of commerce.

NCERT Class 8 Social Science Chapter 1 Natural Resources and Their Use

 SGHT 

NCERT Class 8 Social Science 

Unit -1  Chapter 1. Natural Resources and Their Use

Question 1.    How do we categorise natural resources?

Answer:        Natural resources are elements found in the environment that humans use for various purposes. They can be categorised based on their use and renewability. By use, natural resources are divided into essential resources like air, water, and soil, which are crucial for life; material resources like wood, coal, and metals, used to create products; and energy resources like solar, wind, and fossil fuels, which are used for generating electricity and powering industries. By renewability, they are classified as renewable resources, such as timber, water, and solar energy, which can regenerate over time and non-renewable resources, like coal, petroleum, and minerals, which are limited and take millions of years to form, making them hard to replace, once used.

Question 2.    What is the connection between the distribution of natural resources and                                    different aspects of life?
Answer:       The distribution of natural resources impacts various aspects of life, including human settlements, trade, and international relations. Areas rich in resources tend to attract industries, which fosters economic growth and creates job opportunities. However, unequal distribution can lead to conflicts over access to resources, such as water or minerals, both within countries and between nations. It also shapes the development of infrastructure and can create disparities in quality of life, with some regions benefiting more from their resources than others.

Question 3.    What are the implications of unsustainable use/over exploitation of natural resources?
Answer:            When natural resources are used unsustainably or over-exploited, it can lead to severe long-term consequences. Resources may become depleted, and ecosystems suffer damage, affecting biodiversity and natural habitats. The excessive use of renewable resources, like water or soil, can prevent them from regenerating, leading to shortages. Similarly, overuse of non-renewable resources, may exhaust them, leaving fewer options for future generations. This disruption not only harms the environment but can also negatively impact the livelihoods of communities dependent on these resources. Over-exploitation often contributes to broader issues, such as climate change and pollution, and can provoke conflicts over the remaining resources.

Question 1.    Identify human actions in your surroundings that result in Nature losing her ability to restore and regenerate. What types of interventions can be undertaken to restore Nature’s cycle? (Page 7)
Answer:        Human activities such as cutting down trees faster than they can grow back, polluting rivers with industrial and domestic waste, over-extracting groundwater, and excessive use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides disturb Nature’s ability to restore and regenerate itself.

These actions disrupt natural cycles, leading to soil degradation, water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. To help restore Nature’s balance, we can take steps like planting native trees to rebuild forests, practising sustainable water management such as rainwater harvesting, reducing pollution by properly treating waste before disposal, and using organic farming methods that avoid harmful chemicals. These measures support natural restoration and regeneration, allowing ecosystems and resources to recover over time.

Question 2.    Take up a small research study to assess the types of renewable resources in your region; you may discuss with your teacher the geographical area of your study and sources to access information that you may need. What has been the change in their status over time? Make a small report that identifies the reasons for the change and what may be done. (Page 8)
Answer:        In my region, Delhi, the primary renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, and biomass. Solar energy has grown with government incentives, but adoption is limited by high costs and space constraints. Wind energy is underdeveloped due to the city’s flat terrain, and biomass remains untapped due to inefficient waste management. Delhi is working to increase its renewable energy capacity through initiatives like rooftop solar panels and projects such as a 1,000 MW solar plant and a 111 MW wind power plant.

The status of these resources has changed due to urbanisation and rising energy demand. While solar energy is growing, pollution and overcrowding reduce its efficiency. Wind energy has not progressed, and biomass potential remains unused. To improve, Delhi needs stronger policies for solar adoption, better waste-to-energy systems, and urban planning focused on renewable energy.

Question 3.    What are the non-renetvable resources that you use daily, directly or indirectly? What are the possible renewable substitutes? What are some of the steps we can take to transition to renewables? (Page 8)
Answer:        Non-renewable resources that we use daily, either directly or indirectly, include coal, petroleum, natural gas, and metals like iron and copper. These are used for electricity, transportation, heating, and manufacturing many products. Possible renewable substitutes include solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, biofuels, and sustainably managed timber. To transition to renewable resources, we need to increase the use of clean energy sources, improve energy efficiency, develop better energy storage, promote electric vehicles and public transport, and protect natural ecosystems. Additionally, raising awareness and supporting government policies that encourage sustainable use of resources are vital to ensure this transition is successful.

Question 4.    Observe the map in Figure Notice the uneven distribution of important minerals. What types of resources are available in your region? How are they distributed? (Page 9)

Answer:        The map shows that minerals are unevenly distributed across India. Coal is mainly found in eastern and central regions like Jharia, Raniganj, and Korba, as well as in the south at Neyveli and Singareni. Iron ore is abundant in central, eastern, and southern parts, including Bailadila and Mayurbhanj. Bauxite deposits are mostly in central and eastern India, such as Katni and Koraput in southern Odisha. Petroleum and natural gas fields are located along the western coast near Mumbai High and Ankleshwar, and in the northeast at Digboi. This uneven distribution reflects India’s varied geology, with certain regions rich in specific minerals.

In my region, Jharkhand, several important minerals are found. The state is especially rich in coal, with major coalfields located in Jharia, Bokaro, and Dhanbad. Iron ore is another key resource, mainly found in the Singhbhum district. Jharkhand also has deposits of bauxite, copper, mica, and uranium, spread across different parts of the state. These minerals are mostly located in the eastern and central parts of Jharkhand, making it one of India’s most resource-rich areas. The distribution of these resources supports many industries and plays a vital role in the state’s economy

Question 5.    Select any two natural resources. Gather information about their availability across different parts of India. Mark them on a map. What do you observe about their distribution? What are the types of economic actimties connected with them? (Page 10)

Img- 1

Answer:        Coal and iron ore are two important natural resources found in different parts of India. Coal is mainly found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal, while iron ore is mostly found in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Goa. Their distribution is uneven, with large deposits located in the eastern and southern regions. This has led to the growth of mining and related industries in these areas. Coal is used mainly for electricity generation and in industries, while iron ore is used to make steel, supporting construction and manufacturing activities.

Question 6.    Discuss the implications of extracting the natural resources in those parts for current and future generations. Suggest ways in which we can use Nature’s gifts in responsible ways. (Page 10)

Answer:        The extraction of natural resources brings economic benefits but often leads to the displacement of communities, loss of cultural heritage, and environmental damage. Over time, it depletes resources, harms ecosystems, and creates sustainability challenges for future generations.

To use Nature’s gifts responsibly, it is essential to adopt sustainable extraction methods, prioritise renewable energy, and implement effective resource management. Supporting policies that promote conservation and respect local communities’ rights is crucial. Encouraging a circular economy, where resources are reused and recycled, helps reduce waste and ensures long-term sustainability. Educating future generations on the importance of preserving natural resources is key to safeguarding the Earth for the future.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Q1. Resources that we find in nature and are used without much modification are called ___________
(a) Human Resource
(b) Natural Resource
(c) Renewable Resource
(d) Human Made Resource

Ans: (b) Natural Resource 
Natural resources are those that we find in nature and can be used without much modification, such as air, water, minerals, and forests.

Q2. How are natural resources primarily categorized?
(a) By color
(b) By use and renewability
(c) By size
(d) By location

Ans: (b) By use and renewability

Natural resources are classified by how they’re used and whether they can be renewed — renewable (like sunlight) or non-renewable (like coal).

Q3. Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource?
(a) Coal
(b) Petroleum
(c) Solar energy
(d) Natural gas

Ans: (c) Solar energy 
Solar energy is an example of a renewable resource because it is continuously replenished by the sun and will not be depleted with use.

Q4. What factor can change substances into resources?
(a) Air
(b) Time and technology
(c) Water
(d) Soil

Ans: (b) Time and technology 
Time and technology are factors that can change substances into resources. Over time, advancements in technology can make previously unusable substances valuable resources.

Q5. What is the main focus of sustainable development?
(a) Exploiting resources for short-term gain
(b) Using resources carelessly
(c) Balancing present needs with future conservation
(d) Wasting resources

Ans: (c) Balancing present needs with future conservation 
The main focus of sustainable development is to balance present human needs with the conservation of resources for future generations, ensuring that resources are used responsibly and not depleted.

Q6. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
(a) Solar energy 
(b) Timber
(c) Coal
(d) Wind

Ans: (c) Coal
Non-renewable resources are those that exist in limited amounts and take millions of years to form, so they cannot be replenished quickly. Coal is a non-renewable resource used for energy, as its formation takes a very long time, and once used, it is gone.

Q7. What is the "natural resource curse"?

(a) When resources are evenly distributed across a region
(b) When resource-rich regions experience slower economic growth
(c) When renewable resources are overexploited
(d) When non-renewable resources are used sustainably

Ans: (b) When resource-rich regions experience slower economic growth
The natural resource curse refers to the paradox where countries rich in natural resources often grow more slowly due to poor governance or overreliance on resource income.

Q8. Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service provided by forests?

(a) Producing cement
(b) Filtering water and preventing soil erosion
(c) Extracting petroleum
(d) Mining coal

Ans: (b) Filtering water and preventing soil erosion
Forests help clean water, prevent soil erosion, and support biodiversity—key ecosystem services that sustain the environment.

Q9. What is a key focus of Vrikshayurveda in promoting sustainable agriculture?
(a) Using chemical fertilizers
(b) Crop rotation and natural pest control
(c) Overexploitation of groundwater
(d) Mining non-renewable resources

Ans: (b) Crop rotation and natural pest control
Vrikshayurveda emphasizes sustainable farming practices like crop rotation and using natural methods to control pests instead of chemicals.

Ans:

Q1. Natural resources include only those substances that have economic value.
Ans: False

Natural resources include substances found in nature, whether or not they have economic value. For example, air and water are natural resources that are essential for life but may not have direct economic value.

Q2. Renewable resources can never be depleted or exhausted.
Ans: False

While renewable resources can be replenished over time, they can still be depleted or exhausted if used unsustainably. For example, forests can be depleted if trees are cut down faster than they can regrow.

Q3. Overexploitation of renewable resources can disrupt nature’s restoration and regeneration cycles.
Ans: True

Using renewable resources faster than they can naturally replenish can harm ecosystems and reduce their long-term availability.

Q4. Resource conservation involves using resources carelessly without thinking about the future.
Ans: False

Resource conservation involves using resources carefully and responsibly, considering the needs of both the present and future generations. It aims to avoid wasteful consumption and ensure the long-term sustainability of resources.

Q5. Sustainable development aims to balance the use of resources for current needs and conserve them for the future.
Ans: True

Sustainable development seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure that resources are used efficiently and equitably.

Q6. The uneven distribution of natural resources can lead to conflicts between states or countries.
Ans: True

Uneven resource distribution shapes settlements, trade, and conflicts, citing examples like the Kaveri River water-sharing disputes.

Q7. Traditional practices, such as regulating fishing during spawning seasons, help maintain ecosystem balance.
Ans: True

Traditional practices like regulating fishing to maintain fish populations, which supports ecosystem balance.

Q8. Cement production is one of the least polluting industries.
Ans: False

Cement production is highly polluting, releasing fine dust that harms health and the environment.

Q1. All ___________ have some utility and value.
Ans: All resources have some utility and value.

Q2. _______ is an example of a resource essential for life. 
Ans: Water is an example of a resource essential for life. 

Q3. Human beings use ________ and _________ to develop resources.
Ans: Human beings use technology and knowledge to develop resources.

Q4. _________ is an example of a renewable resource that can be depleted if overused.
Ans: Forest is an example of a renewable resource that can be depleted if overused.

Q5. _______or _______ makes an object or substance a resource.
Ans: Utility or value makes an object or substance a resource.

Q6. _____________ is an example of a non-renewable resource used for energy
Ans: Petroleum is an example of a non-renewable resource used for energy

Q7. The _______ River water-sharing dispute among Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry is an example of tensions caused by uneven resource distribution.
Ans: The Kaveri River water-sharing dispute among Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry is an example of tensions caused by uneven resource distribution.

Q8. _______ is a traditional Indian science that promotes sustainable agriculture through practices like crop rotation and natural pest control.
Ans: Vrikshayurveda is a traditional Indian science that promotes sustainable agriculture through practices like crop rotation and natural pest control.

Q9. The _______ Solar Park in Rajasthan is an example of India’s efforts to transition to renewable energy sources.
Ans: Bhadla Solar Park as a symbol of India’s renewable energy ambitions.

Q1. What are non-renewable resources?
Ans: Non-renewable resources are those which have a limited stock.

Q2. How are natural resources classified by their use?
Ans: Natural resources are classified by their use into those essential for life (e.g., air, water), for materials (e.g., wood, marble), and for energy (e.g., coal, solar energy).

Q3. Why must renewable resources be used sustainably?
Ans: Renewable resources must be used sustainably to allow nature’s restoration and regeneration cycles to replenish them, preventing depletion.

Q4. How does the uneven distribution of natural resources affect human life?
Ans: Uneven distribution shapes settlements, trade, and conflicts, as people settle near resources for jobs, trade them, or compete for control.

Q5. What is resource conservation?
Ans: Using resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed is called resource conservation.

Q6. Name some natural resources.
Ans: The air we breathe, the water in our rivers and lakes, the soils, minerals are all natural resources.

Q7. What is sustainable development?
Ans: Balancing the need to use resources and also conserve them for the future is called sustainable development.

Q8. What is the natural resource curse?
Ans: The natural resource curse is when regions rich in natural resources experience slower economic growth due to poor management or over-reliance on resources.

Q9. What is an ecosystem service? Give one example.
Ans: An ecosystem service is a benefit humans receive from natural processes. Example: Forests filter water to provide clean drinking water.

Q10. How does overexploitation of groundwater in Punjab affect sustainability?
Ans: Overexploitation of groundwater in Punjab has depleted water tables, making water inaccessible at shallow depths and causing health hazards due to chemical contamination.

Q11. What role does the International Solar Alliance play in promoting renewable energy?
Ans: The International Solar Alliance, launched by India and France, promotes solar energy in sunshine-rich countries by funding projects and sharing technical expertise.

Q12. Why is responsible stewardship of natural resources important?
Ans: Responsible stewardship ensures the restoration and regeneration of renewable resources and the judicious use of non-renewable ones, preventing pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change.

Q13. Name a traditional practice that helps keep soil healthy.
Ans: Using cow dung as a natural fertilizer helps maintain soil health.

Q14. What makes a substance a resource?
Ans: Utility or usability is what makes an object or substance a resource.

Q15. What are renewable resources?
Ans: Renewable resources are those which get renewed or replenished quickly.

Q16. What is Vrikshayurveda, and how does it promote sustainable resource use?
Ans: Vrikshayurveda is an ancient Indian science of plant care that promotes sustainable agriculture through practices like crop rotation, natural pest control, and soil management.

Q17. What is technology?
Ans: Technology is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or making things.

Q18. What are natural resources?
Ans: Resources that are drawn from nature and used without much modification are called natural resources.

Q1. How does the uneven distribution of natural resources affect where people live and the economic activities they pursue? Give an example.
Ans: Uneven distribution of natural resources influences human settlements and the types of economic activities in an area. Regions with abundant minerals, water, or fertile soil attract industries, creating jobs and encouraging towns and cities to develop. However, resource-rich areas may also face challenges, such as the displacement of local communities or harm to sacred and environmentally sensitive sites.

Example: Industries near mineral resources provide employment and boost the local economy, but they can also lead to conflicts with nearby communities over land and environmental impacts.

Q2. What are the consequences of overusing renewable resources? Explain with an example from Punjab.
Ans: Overexploiting renewable resources disrupts nature’s restoration and regeneration cycles, leading to shortages and environmental damage. In Punjab, excessive groundwater extraction for high-yielding crops during the Green Revolution depleted water tables, making water inaccessible at depths up to 30 meters. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have also contaminated groundwater, posing health risks. This shows that unsustainable use can compromise long-term food and water security.

Q3. How does Sikkim’s adoption of organic farming show sustainable use of resources?
Ans: Sikkim’s move to 100% organic farming is an excellent example of sustainable resource use. Farmers replaced chemical fertilizers and pesticides with compost, natural pest repellents, and practiced multi-cropping to maintain soil fertility. This approach restored soil health, increased biodiversity, and improved farmers’ incomes by around 20%. Sikkim’s model demonstrates that using resources responsibly can simultaneously protect the environment and support economic growth.